Strengthening of Accountability Systems †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Strengthening of Accountability Systems. Answer: Introduction: The policy cycle model (PCM) is suitable for the development of a new policy in two convenient ways. The first relevance is that the model presents a valuable reference model for the identification of numerous potential parts of policy development (Arthaus, Bridgeman Davis, 2013). The second relevance is that the model remains instructive for policy entrepreneurs to comprehend the anticipations and approaches that their peers take in the public service, provided that the Bridgman and Davis model has already been taught to the public servants for many years (Birkland, 2015). For example, the model presents a fundamental framework which policymakers can use when going about thinking of as well as planning for their policy development. Practically, certain stages could be skipped, compressed or reversed based on the setting/context or even a unique approach altogether could be taken. However, the model presents a stepping stone in the absence of anything imposed formally. The model gives eight steps in the circle which is implied to urge a continuous, cyclic alongside iterative approach to the development as well as improvement of policy over a period with benefits cumulative experience and inputs (Dunn, 2015). The issue identification stages help identify and efficiently perceive the problem hence making the policymakers to get the diagnosis of the problem right which is central. The policy research and analysis stage systematically helps the developers to collect and present the information and remains the backbone of developing a policy. Generating policy solutions and alternatives stage helps select the best option that aligns to scale and nature of the problem. Consultation stage is helpful as it allows the public, private, voluntary and community segments to dialogue efficiently. Policy proposal development stage helps articulate the consultation procedure followed. Implementations will enable actions to occur to address the problem while monito ring and evaluations stage benefits the public and the government to know if the programs and policies work as intended, and delivering the desired value for money. Various sociological issues determine the health status of a person. Health is state of full well-being including mental, physical and emotional. Sociology assumes that society that is functional is based on the healthy people and controlling the illness. A substantial number of individuals in a society are influenced by social issue problem. This is always an aftermath of factors that extend beyond an individual s social issues that are the source of a different view on the basis of what is viewed as a morally individual life or societal order (Weiss Lonnquist, 2017). Therefore, the health of an individual relies on the societal traits that include the living standards alongside inequalities. Not only is ones health affect the society but also social issues impact the health of an individual. For example, alcohol abuse and obesity adversely affect the morale. When the society is sick, healthy individual cannot thrive and conversely, social structure determines health alongside illn ess. The social factors affect both life expectancy and feasibilities of that an individual will experience illness and subsequently, healthcare they receive. As obesity is considered substantial public health problems globally, various social factors are being regarded as shapers of obesity (Miller Rose, 2017). For example, new technologies like televisions, computers, and cars which reduces the personal mobility. Also, fast food development alongside drinks which are high in fats alongside sugar that precisely boost feasibility of individuals getting fatter. Older people also face sociological problems, for example, with aging, the ability to daily tasks or functional ability drops to a certain degree in each individual. Further, the elderly, tend, on average to have new illness as well as disabilities as opposed to younger individuals. Those sociological issues including living arrangement/work type dictates the risk of older people alongside illness experience. The first consideration is to include the adverse effects of the obesity. This will showcase the extent to which obesity is killing people in the country and the risk associated with obesity. This will also entail the cost-burden to obesity that the government has to assume when tackling the problem. By including this consideration, it will help people to start appreciating the need to prevent obesity since their emotions shall have been appealed to hence making them approve and accept the messages in the campaign (Swinburn et al., 2015). The second considerations in the obesity campaign are to include best practices to prevent obesity. Under this, the nutrition and physical activity programs will be emphasized. This will include both complex and simple processes that can be taken at home without the need for the specialists and those complex ones which will need experts. Also, to be included here will be the benefits of the physical activity and nutrition which if well explained wil l make people be convinced of the need to ensure dietary consumption and physical activities (Mulderrig, 2017). The third consideration is to highlight the examples of the physical exercises and types food to be consumed and those to be ignored giving justifications on the need to do so. Lastly, the fourth considerations are to provide the means to allow people to avoid predispositions or risk factors that might put them at higher chances of contracting the illness. This will also include giving the symptoms and signs of obesity so that people can report to hospitals for early diagnoses and treatment. The following four factors alongside rationale will be considered when creating a new policy to develop a smoke-free environment for the University. The first factor to consider is to student rate of consumption of the tobacco. This will be helpful in knowing the budget that you need to use to create a campaign, and consultations with the smokers to create awareness of the intended changes to avoid resistance (Wolfson, 2017). Moreover, it will also be helpful in getting the money needed to set aside or build a place where students can go and smoke undisturbed. The second factor to consider is the degree of harm the smoking is causing to the students. Knowing this is suitable because it will help ensure that you know the number and frequency of public lectures to hold and even seminars to talk to the students about the effects of the consumption of tobacco (Substance, Mental Office of the Surgeon General 2016). The third factor to consider is the students expected reactions when the changes are implemented. Knowing how the students think about the anticipated changes will be essential in helping the planners know the best method to use to trigger less resistance. The last factor to be considered is the supply or the origin of the products being consumed in the school. This will be significant since the consumption rate can be reduced by reducing the quantity supplied. The problem mainly arises within the IDS when it comes to instituting integrated risk management plan. A useful starting point for assessing IDS risk is to become familiar with success determinants. Thus, for IDS to remain successful, various actions have to be taken by the leaders. However, such actions are quite challenging to undertake. For example, it remains difficult to correctly identify and align the key economic initiatives alongside incentives for the partaking provider organizations. Also, it becomes hard to expand upon the health systems alternatives available to the clients and correctly gauge their delivery mechanism preferences. Also, partnering with a broad range of inpatient and ambulatory service care sometimes prove difficult thereby hampering such services as home care and wellness centers. Further, managing the patient care from the cradle to the grave alongside a continuum of care against treating episode diseases. They also face challenges in the provisions of strong operational IDS management by highly skilled individuals. The gains of the IDS have also been questions about the value of several efforts of integration. The IDS-associated hospitals financial performance indicate that solely small benefits are realized. Also, the implementation stage faces various barriers that discourage the IDS development (Hanlon et al., 2014). Some of these barriers include operational complexity, indistinct monetary provenance, regulatory challenges, and cultural inertia. The interconnected model or integrated model calls for cautiously established finance configurations, partnerships, and IT display place that could be limited in scale as a result of complexity and cost (World Health Organization 2015). Usually, various health systems have pre-existing segments in financing, care provision, a management structure that could exclude the integrated care implementation. The regulations remain exerted over particular providers including community health s ervices, insurers, hospital. Nevertheless, in the integrated care model, such regulation has to shift to services across the care continuum. However, this requires a change of culture in clinical and management levels absence of which will culminate in lack of shared visions and challenges in long-run sustainability. References Arthaus, C., Bridgeman, P., Davis, G. (2013). The Australian Policy Handbook: (5th Ed.) Crows Nest NSW: Allen Unwin. Birkland, T. A. (2015).An introduction to the policy process: Theories, concepts, and models of public policy making. Routledge. Dunn, W. N. (2015).Public policy analysis. Routledge. Hanlon, C., Luitel, N. P., Kathree, T., Murhar, V., Shrivasta, S., Medhin, G., ... Jordans, M. (2014). Challenges and opportunities for implementing integrated mental health care: a district level situation analysis from five low-and middle-income countries.PloS one,9(2), e88437. Miller, P., Rose, N. (2017). Political power beyond the state: Problematics of government. InFoucault and Law(pp. 191-224). Routledge. Mulderrig, J. (2017). Reframing obesity: a critical discourse analysis of the UKs first social marketing campaign.Critical Policy Studies,11(4), 455-476. Substance, A., Mental, H. S. A. U., Office of the Surgeon General (US. (2016). Facing addiction in America: The Surgeon General's report on alcohol, drugs, and health. Swinburn, B., Kraak, V., Rutter, H., Vandevijvere, S., Lobstein, T., Sacks, G., ... Magnusson, R. (2015). Strengthening of accountability systems to create healthy food environments and reduce global obesity.The Lancet,385(9986), 2534-2545. Weiss, G. L., Lonnquist, L. E. (2017).The sociology of health, healing, and illness. Routledge. Wolfson, M. (2017).The Fight Against Big Tobacco: the Movement, the State and the Public's Health. Routledge. World Health Organization. (2015). WHO global strategy on people-centred and integrated health services: interim report. health services: interim report.